2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Increasing concerns regarding the sustainability of lithium sources, due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase, have raised awareness importance developing alternative energy-storage candidates that can sustain ever-growing energy demand. Furthermore, limitations on transition metals used in manufacturing cathode materials, together with questionable mining practices, are driving development towards more sustainable elements. Given uniformly high abundance cost-effectiveness sodium, as well its very suitable redox potential (close lithium), sodium-ion battery technology offers tremendous be a counterpart lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) different application scenarios, such stationary storage low-cost vehicles. This is reflected by major investments being made industry wide variety markets diverse material combinations. Despite associated advantages drop-in replacement for LIBs, there remarkable differences physicochemical properties between sodium give rise behaviours, example, coordination preferences compounds, desolvation energies, or solubility solid–electrolyte interphase inorganic salt components. demands detailed study underlying physical chemical processes occurring allows great scope groundbreaking advances field, from lab-scale scale-up. roadmap provides an extensive review experts academia current state art 2021 research directions strategies currently underway improve performance batteries. The aim provide opinion respect challenges opportunities, fundamental practical applications this technology.